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My son is a research scientist in triple negative breast cancer, so, in addition to my own interest in how the human body works, i want to understand his work. Cancer cells also make enzymes that break down normal cells and tissues as they grow. Cancer spreads or metastasizes when cancer cells break away from the original tumor and travel through your bloodstream or lymphatic system to other parts of your body. These are disease-fighting white blood cells that are part of the immune system. Most melanomas form on the skin, but melanomas can also form in other pigmented tissues, such as the eye. DNA changes that inactivate tumor suppressor genes can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer. Or write us. The spread of tumor cells to the brain is a devastating and often life-threatening event in the course of advanced cancer. Genetic changes that cause cancer can be inherited or arise from certain environmental exposures. These tumors can occur almost anywhere in the body and can be either benign or malignant. Cancer is a disease caused when cells divide uncontrollably and spread into surrounding tissues. Immunotherapy is a relatively new type of precision medicine that helps the body’s immune system recognize and fight cancer cells. Some of these drugs are actinomycin-D, bleomycin , daunorubicin , and doxorubicin , among others. Find out what this treatment can do for your body. Get an introduction to both categories and learn the science behind how widely used drugs such as methotrexate, tamoxifen, and cisplatin operate. Cancer-causing environmental exposures include substances, such as the chemicals in tobacco smoke, and radiation, such as ultraviolet rays from the sun. These breaks keep cancer cells from growing and dividing and cause them to die. While scientists have been researching how to activate the body’s immune system to fight cancer for a few decades, most therapies approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have only been in use for the past five to seven years. Discover how you can help reduce the burden of cancer. Unlike malignant tumors, benign tumors do not spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. Learn how cancer grows and about mutation of cancer cells with Cancer Research UK. Cancer is a scary disease that can strike pretty much anyone at any time. Many cancers follow a staging system from 1 to 4 that is usually given in Roman numerals I, II, III or IV. Some cancers, such as leukemia, do not form tumors. Gene mutations in cancer cells interfere with the normal instructions in a cell and can cause it to grow out of control or not die when it should. To work, it requires the researchers to study a person's specific cancer to establish which base mutations their tumour has, so that the right cocktail of therapies can be applied. Some types of dysplasia may need to be monitored or treated. Cancers also may be described by the type of cell that formed them, such as an epithelial cell or a squamous cell. Lymphoma is cancer that begins in lymphocytes (T cells or B cells). In general, though, the primary goal of treatments for metastatic cancer is to control the growth of the cancer or to relieve symptoms caused by it. When cells grow old or become damaged, they die, and new cells take their place. Some of these changes may have nothing to do with the cancer; they may be the result of the cancer, rather than its cause. Some cancer drugs go to work on DNA while others target processes inside the cell. Each person’s cancer has a unique combination of genetic changes. 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